Synthesis process of thiol || Advance organic synthesis Method

 Synthesis process of thiol (RSH):-

 Synthesis process of thiol (RSH):-

                                                               In this method Required material 

1) Two stand 

2) Two Round bottom flask 

3) One Connecting Tube

4) FeS ( Metal)

5) Salfuric acid 

6) Alkyl halides 

7) Sodium hydroxide 

8) Injunction Nogal 

9) Round bottom Nogal Closing Rubber 

Safety Guidelines are available in the given images and this post is only for Educational purposes.

Safety Guidelines:-

1) salfuric acid is dangerous for touch.

2) Hydrogen salfide gass is toxic. 

3) Sodium hydroxide is flammable.

Stap By stap Complicated the reaction.

Step 1:- Febric salfide metal add in the round bottom flask and close the 

Head.

Step 2:- Connecting the second round bottom flask with connecting tube.

Step 3:- Tested that Not any linkages are present in the round bottom flask connecting method.

Step 4:- Alkyl halides and sodium hydroxide mixture taken in the second round bottom flask and close totaly with the help of Round bottom Nogal Closing Rubber.

Step 5:- Drop and Drop add salfuric acid in the round bottom flask, with the help of injection Nogal.

Reaction is given in the digram.

Selectivity of Reducing Reagents || Organic synthesis

Reduction:-

                    There are three different ways to define the reduction process in chemical science which can be given as -

A) Removal of oxygen 

B) Addition of hydrogen 

C) Decrease in the positive Oxidation state or Increase in the Negative Oxidation state of the element present in the species .

Order of Reducing compound:-

RCOOOH<RCOOR<RCOOH<RCOR<RCHO<CH3OH< Alkyne<Alkene 

1) Reduction of Alkene:-

A) Heterogeneous hydrogenation ( Pt, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ru etc)

B) Homogeneous hydrogenation.                    ( H2/(PPh3)RhCl)

C) by IA metal in liquid amoniya.                    ( Na/NH3(l))/C2H5OH

D) by diimide ( NH=NH)

2. Reduction of Alkyne:-

A) Catalytic Hydrogenation ( H2/Pd-C) or.      (PPh3)RhCl or H2/Pd-BaSO4) or H2/Pd-Quinoline

B) by IA metal in liquid amoniya ( Na/NH4(l)) / C2H5OH

3. Reduction of Aromatic hydrocarbons:-

A) Complete reduction by Ni ( 150-200©)

B) Partial reduction by Na/NH3(l)/C2H5OH 

4. Reduction of Carboxylic acids:-

A) lithium Aluminium hydride 

Selectivity of oxidising and reducing reagent || organic synthesis

 Oxidation:- 

                     A reaction in which transfer of electron happened called oxidation reduction reaction or redox reaction. 

             The species that loses electron is oxidised and compound gains electron is reduced.

Order of oxidising compound:-

Alkyne<alkene<alkane<alcohol<aldehydes < ketone< carboxylic acid.

Oxidising reagents:-

1. Oxidation of alkene 

A) peroxyacides ( RCOOOH)

B) By potassium permanganate ( KMnO4)

C) By Osmium tetroxide ( OsO4)

D) By Silver salt and Iodine ( PhCOOAg/I2)

     I) prevost reaction - trans alcohol (product)

     II) woodeard reaction - Cis alcohol (product)

E) By lead tetra acetate (Pb(CH3COO)4)

2. Oxidation of Alcohol 

A) Chromic acid ( Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4)

B) By Jones reagent ( CrO3/H2SO4) Chromic trioxide 

C) By Pyridinium chloro chromate (PCC) or Pyridinium dichromate (PDC)

D) By Swern oxidation [ ( DMSO/CoCl2):60© and Et3N ]

E) By Dress Martin Reagents

F) By Tetramethy piperidine  nitroxide [ TEMPO]

G) Manganese Dioxide (MnO2]

H) By Bismuth oxide [ Bi2O3]

I) By Silver Carbonate [AgCO3]

J) By ceric ammonium Nitrate [CAN]

K) Appenaur oxidation (AlCOtBu)3/acetone 

3. Oxidation of 1-2 Diols :-

1. By Lead Tetra acetate ( LTA)

2. By Ceric ammonium Nitrate [ CAN]

3. By Dress Martin Reagents 

4. By Sodium Periodate ( NaIO4)

4. Oxidation of Aldehyde and Ketone:-

1. By Tollen Reagent:- a dilute solution of silver nitrate in aqueous ammonia is called tollen's reagent

 

2. By Fehling Reagent 

3 By Benedict's Reagent :- It is a chemical reagent mixture of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), Sodium Citrate (Na3C6H5O7), Cupper (II) Sulfate pentahydrate( CuSO4.5H2O)

4. Baeyer Villiger Oxidation Reaction (CF3COOOH)

5. By Holofarm Reaction:- formation of haloform (CHF3) with the sodium or potassium solt of carboxylic acid on treating of alpha - methyl carbonyl compounds with halogen in the present of NaOH or KOH is known as Haloform Reaction.

4. Oxidation of Amines:-

1. By H2O2

2 By KMnO4 

Synthesis of Benzoin ( 2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethanone ) using Benzaldehyde

 Benzoin:-

                 Benzoin is the organic compound that hydroxyketone with two phenyl group. Formade by the condensation of two molecules of Benzaldehyde.

               This reaction is called Benzoin condensation is classically catalysed by cyanide salts. You can also used thiazolium compound like Thiamine.

Precautions:-

1. Benzaldehyde is toxic .

2. Ethyl alcohol is flammable.

3. Sodium hydroxide is corrosive.

4. Benzoin formed after the reaction is pretty nasty small.

5. Use necessary protection equipment while handling chemical.

Preparation method:-

Mechanisms:-

Step 1.

Step 2. 

Material required:-

1. Thiamine hydrochloride = 3.55g

2. 95% Ethyl alcohol = 35 ml

3. 3M NaOH solution = 8 ml

4. Benzaldehyde = 20 ml

Pratical step:-

1. Taken 100ml Round botal flask and add 3.55g of Thiamine hydrochloride and 8 ml of distilled water and mix then add 95% Ethyl alcohol 35 ml .

2. Now place the Round botal flask in an ice both to cool 0 degree Celsius.

3. Drop - Drop add 3M NaOH in the Round botal flask, then colour is changed white to yellow.

4. Now add Drop - Drop 20 ml of Benzaldehyde in the Round botal flask and mix properly in whole time.

5. Warm the flask generally in a water both 60 degree Celsius for 90 min , yellow colour Cristal is seperate down in the Round botal flask.

6. After the cooling the room temperature again we contect the ice cold water to croud product.

7. Now filter the liquid crystals for simple gravity filter method.

8. Now Recristaliged for hot Ethyl  alkohol .

9. 9.3g Benzoin 23% yeild .

Synthesis of Benzil ( 1,2-diphenylethan-1,2-dione ) using Benzoin

Benzil:-

              Benzil is an organic compound and its molecular formula ( C6H5CO )2. It is also known as 1, 2-diphenylethan-1,2- dione . Benzil is yellow in colour and its is one of the most common diketones. 

Preparation method:-

                                     Oxidation of Benzoin ( 2-Hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethanone ) make the Benzil.

Precautions :-

A) Nitric acid is corrosion. Avoid the direct contact.

B) it can even corrode nitrile gloves. 

C) After the reaction the smell of Benzoin is pretty nasty.

D) Use necessary protection equipment while handling chemical.

Material required:-

1. Benzoin - 5g

2. Nitric acid 70% - 20ml

3. Ethanol 96% - 50ml

Pratical step:-

1. Teken 100ml Round botal flask and fix it.

2. Transfer 5g Benzoin in a RB flask.

3. Add 20ml of constrated 70% Nitric acid.

4. After the same time Reaction is opening in the room temperature.

5. Keep the boiling water contener and dip the RB flask and heat the contener in 30 min.

6. Mix the mixture in glass rod when the RB flask is heated.

7. In the end of reaction yellow colour mixture is present in the RB flask.

8. Mix the RB flask liquid in 100ml ice cold distilled water ana water slowly.

9. Filter the liquid in using the simple gravity filter method.

10. For the Recristalization add the hot Ethanol.

11. Yellow colour Benzil Cristal is seperate then again filter the liquid.

Not dry in sun light because it is reached the sun light.