Selectivity of Reducing Reagents || Organic synthesis

Reduction:-

                    There are three different ways to define the reduction process in chemical science which can be given as -

A) Removal of oxygen 

B) Addition of hydrogen 

C) Decrease in the positive Oxidation state or Increase in the Negative Oxidation state of the element present in the species .

Order of Reducing compound:-

RCOOOH<RCOOR<RCOOH<RCOR<RCHO<CH3OH< Alkyne<Alkene 

1) Reduction of Alkene:-

A) Heterogeneous hydrogenation ( Pt, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ru etc)

B) Homogeneous hydrogenation.                    ( H2/(PPh3)RhCl)

C) by IA metal in liquid amoniya.                    ( Na/NH3(l))/C2H5OH

D) by diimide ( NH=NH)

2. Reduction of Alkyne:-

A) Catalytic Hydrogenation ( H2/Pd-C) or.      (PPh3)RhCl or H2/Pd-BaSO4) or H2/Pd-Quinoline

B) by IA metal in liquid amoniya ( Na/NH4(l)) / C2H5OH

3. Reduction of Aromatic hydrocarbons:-

A) Complete reduction by Ni ( 150-200©)

B) Partial reduction by Na/NH3(l)/C2H5OH 

4. Reduction of Carboxylic acids:-

A) lithium Aluminium hydride