Selectivity of Reducing Reagents || Organic synthesis

Reduction:-

                    There are three different ways to define the reduction process in chemical science which can be given as -

A) Removal of oxygen 

B) Addition of hydrogen 

C) Decrease in the positive Oxidation state or Increase in the Negative Oxidation state of the element present in the species .

Order of Reducing compound:-

RCOOOH<RCOOR<RCOOH<RCOR<RCHO<CH3OH< Alkyne<Alkene 

1) Reduction of Alkene:-

A) Heterogeneous hydrogenation ( Pt, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ru etc)

B) Homogeneous hydrogenation.                    ( H2/(PPh3)RhCl)

C) by IA metal in liquid amoniya.                    ( Na/NH3(l))/C2H5OH

D) by diimide ( NH=NH)

2. Reduction of Alkyne:-

A) Catalytic Hydrogenation ( H2/Pd-C) or.      (PPh3)RhCl or H2/Pd-BaSO4) or H2/Pd-Quinoline

B) by IA metal in liquid amoniya ( Na/NH4(l)) / C2H5OH

3. Reduction of Aromatic hydrocarbons:-

A) Complete reduction by Ni ( 150-200©)

B) Partial reduction by Na/NH3(l)/C2H5OH 

4. Reduction of Carboxylic acids:-

A) lithium Aluminium hydride 

Science TGT/PGT MCQ Quiz

 1. IUPAC Nomenclature: - 

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Selectivity of oxidising and reducing reagent || organic synthesis

 Oxidation:- 

                     A reaction in which transfer of electron happened called oxidation reduction reaction or redox reaction. 

             The species that loses electron is oxidised and compound gains electron is reduced.

Order of oxidising compound:-

Alkyne<alkene<alkane<alcohol<aldehydes < ketone< carboxylic acid.

Oxidising reagents:-

1. Oxidation of alkene 

A) peroxyacides ( RCOOOH)

B) By potassium permanganate ( KMnO4)

C) By Osmium tetroxide ( OsO4)

D) By Silver salt and Iodine ( PhCOOAg/I2)

     I) prevost reaction - trans alcohol (product)

     II) woodeard reaction - Cis alcohol (product)

E) By lead tetra acetate (Pb(CH3COO)4)

2. Oxidation of Alcohol 

A) Chromic acid ( Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4)

B) By Jones reagent ( CrO3/H2SO4) Chromic trioxide 

C) By Pyridinium chloro chromate (PCC) or Pyridinium dichromate (PDC)

D) By Swern oxidation [ ( DMSO/CoCl2):60© and Et3N ]

E) By Dress Martin Reagents

F) By Tetramethy piperidine  nitroxide [ TEMPO]

G) Manganese Dioxide (MnO2]

H) By Bismuth oxide [ Bi2O3]

I) By Silver Carbonate [AgCO3]

J) By ceric ammonium Nitrate [CAN]

K) Appenaur oxidation (AlCOtBu)3/acetone 

3. Oxidation of 1-2 Diols :-

1. By Lead Tetra acetate ( LTA)

2. By Ceric ammonium Nitrate [ CAN]

3. By Dress Martin Reagents 

4. By Sodium Periodate ( NaIO4)

4. Oxidation of Aldehyde and Ketone:-

1. By Tollen Reagent:- a dilute solution of silver nitrate in aqueous ammonia is called tollen's reagent

 

2. By Fehling Reagent 

3 By Benedict's Reagent :- It is a chemical reagent mixture of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), Sodium Citrate (Na3C6H5O7), Cupper (II) Sulfate pentahydrate( CuSO4.5H2O)

4. Baeyer Villiger Oxidation Reaction (CF3COOOH)

5. By Holofarm Reaction:- formation of haloform (CHF3) with the sodium or potassium solt of carboxylic acid on treating of alpha - methyl carbonyl compounds with halogen in the present of NaOH or KOH is known as Haloform Reaction.

4. Oxidation of Amines:-

1. By H2O2

2 By KMnO4