sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d, Hybridization

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Hybridization:-

                           When two molecular orbital connected to each other and make a hybrid orbital,  this process is know as a Hybridization. 

 It is many type of Hybridization someone is written below. 

1. sp Hybridization:-

                                     When one s-orbital and one p-orbital is connected to each other and Make a hybrid orbital,  this process is know as sp- Hybridization. In this hybrid orbital s-orbital and p-orbital character is 50%-50%.

Example:-C₂H₂, CaCl₂    etc.

Shape of sp Hybrid orbital:- 

                                                     The shape of sp hybrid orbital is linear  and bond angle is 180 degree.

2. sp2 Hybridization:-

                                         When one s-orbital and two p-orbital is connected to each other and make a hybrid orbital, this hybrid orbital is know as sp2 hybrid orbital and this process is know as sp2 Hybridization. In this hybrid orbital s-orbital character is 33.33% and p-orbital character is 66.66%.

Example:- NH₃, C₂H ₄ etc.

Shape of sp2 hybrid orbital:- 

                                                     The shape of sp2 hybrid orbital is triangular planers and bond angle is 120 degrees. 

3. sp3 Hybridization :-  

                                           When one s-orbital and three p-orbital is connected to each other and make a hybrid orbital, this hybrid orbital is know as sp3 hybrid orbital and the process is know as sp3 Hybridization. In this hybrid orbital s-orbital character is 25% and p-orbital character is 75%.

Example:- CH₄, CCl₄ etc.

Shape of sp3 hybrid orbital:- 

                                                   The shape of sp3 hybrid orbital is tetrahedral Geometry and bond angle is 109.5 degrees. 

4. sp3d Hybridization:- 

                                            When one s-orbital and three p-orbital and one d-orbital connected to each other and make a hybrid orbital, this hybrid orbital is know as sp3d hybrid orbital and this process is know as sp3d Hybridization.  In this hybrid orbital s-orbital character is 20% and p-orbital character is 60% and d-orbital character is 20%.

Example:- PCl₅   etc.

Shape of sp3d hybrid orbital:- 

                                                   The shape of sp3d hybrid orbital is Trigonal bipyramidal Geometry and bond angle is 90 degrees.

Some other topics:-

1. Organic reactions|Introduction of Nucleophile and Electrophile

How to use Round Functions in MS Excel with example and practical

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Round Functions:-

                                Round Functions is use in a MS Excel Numerical cell value. Three type of  Round Functions .

1. ROUND Functions 

2. ROUNDUP Functions 

3. ROUNDDOWN Functions 

1. Round Functions:-

                                      Round Functions is also known as Roundup and Rounddowm Functions because he works in two ways.  Fist method is if cell value is greater than 0.5 then Round Functions work as Roundup Functions ans when cell value is less than 0.5 then Round Functions is work as Rounddowm Functions. 

Example 1. If cell value is 68.4 then find the Round , Roundup, Rounddowm  Functions value. 

Solution:-

                Round value = 68

              Roundup value = 69

            Rounddowm value = 68

Know look at the practical sheet:-

Round Functions practical sheet:-

Results of practical sheet:-

Roundup Functions Practical sheet:-

Results of above Formula:-

Rounddowm Functions practical sheet:-

Results of above Formula:-

Example 2. Find the one ,two, three, four digit Decimal number Round Functions value.  If the number is 689.6544. 

Solution:-

               Given Number is   689.6544

A)Decimal Number two digits round Functions used,  then find the value is 689.65. 

B) Decimal Number three digits Round Functions used, then find the value is 689.654

C) Decimal Number Fourth digits round Functions used, then find the value is 689.6544

D) Decimal Number one digits round Functions used, then find the value is 689.7

E) Decimal Number zero digits round Functions used ,then find the value is 690

These are above some examples of round Functions and its value is given.  Know you goto the excel sheet and practice it.  

Difference of Round Functions, Roundup Functions, and Rounddowm Functions:-

                                                                    The basic differences of in this function is that Round Functions gives the value in the base of Round Functions rule , Roundup Functions gives the +1 value is every condition and Rounddowm Functions gives the -1 value is every condition. 

Round Rule:-

                         Many type of Round Functions rule. Someone can write the below. 

1. If the given number value is greater then 0.5 then the round Functions gives the result (number + 1)

2. If the given number value is less then  0.5 then Round Functions gives the result (number  - 1)